TL;DR
Tax-efficient life insurance for company directors and employees For company directors and small business owners in the UK, navigating the world of employee benefits and personal financial planning can be a complex balancing act. You want to provide for your family's future and offer attractive perks to key staff, but you also need to manage your company's finances shrewdly. This is where Relevant Life Insurance emerges as a uniquely powerful and often overlooked solution.
Key takeaways
- The premiums are paid by your company and are typically treated as a tax-deductible business expense.
- The premiums are not considered a taxable benefit-in-kind for the employee, saving them income tax and National Insurance.
- The final payout is made into a trust, meaning it is generally free from Inheritance Tax.
- Small Businesses: Companies that are too small to qualify for a traditional group life insurance scheme, which often require a minimum of 3-5 employees. The UK's business landscape is dominated by SMEs; at the start of 2023, there were 5.5 million private sector businesses, 99.2% of which were small businesses (0-49 employees). Relevant Life Cover is tailor-made for this vast majority.
- High-Earning Employees: Directors or key staff who may have substantial group life cover already but are approaching their pension Lifetime Allowance (LTA). Although the LTA charge was removed in April 2024, payouts from most registered group life schemes are still tested against an individual’s available allowances (the new Lump Sum Allowance and Lump Sum and Death Benefit Allowance), potentially impacting pension funds. Relevant Life payouts are entirely separate and do not affect these allowances.
Tax-efficient life insurance for company directors and employees
For company directors and small business owners in the UK, navigating the world of employee benefits and personal financial planning can be a complex balancing act. You want to provide for your family's future and offer attractive perks to key staff, but you also need to manage your company's finances shrewdly. This is where Relevant Life Insurance emerges as a uniquely powerful and often overlooked solution.
At its core, a Relevant Life Policy is a company-funded death-in-service benefit that provides a tax-free lump sum to an employee's loved ones if they pass away. What makes it so compelling, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), is its exceptional tax efficiency.
Imagine providing substantial life cover for yourself or a key employee where:
- The premiums are paid by your company and are typically treated as a tax-deductible business expense.
- The premiums are not considered a taxable benefit-in-kind for the employee, saving them income tax and National Insurance.
- The final payout is made into a trust, meaning it is generally free from Inheritance Tax.
This "triple-threat" of tax advantages makes it one of the most cost-effective ways for a limited company to arrange life insurance for its people. It's a method of extracting profit from your business in the form of a tangible benefit, without incurring the usual tax liabilities associated with salary or dividends.
This comprehensive guide will explore every facet of Relevant Life Insurance in the UK. We'll break down how it works, who it's for, its significant tax benefits, and how it compares to other forms of protection. Whether you're a director of your own limited company, a high-earning employee, or a business owner looking to reward your team, understanding this policy could be a game-changer for your financial strategy.
What Exactly is Relevant Life Insurance?
A Relevant Life Policy is a standalone, single-life insurance plan. Think of it as a form of 'death in service' benefit, but for an individual rather than a large group. The company takes out the policy on the life of an employee (including a director) and pays the monthly or annual premiums.
If the insured employee dies while the policy is active and they are employed by the company, the policy pays out a lump sum. Crucially, this lump sum is not paid to the company. Instead, it is paid into a discretionary trust, which is then distributed to the employee's chosen beneficiaries, such as their spouse, children, or other family members.
This structure is what sets it apart from other types of business insurance and personal cover. It’s designed specifically for:
- Small Businesses: Companies that are too small to qualify for a traditional group life insurance scheme, which often require a minimum of 3-5 employees. The UK's business landscape is dominated by SMEs; at the start of 2023, there were 5.5 million private sector businesses, 99.2% of which were small businesses (0-49 employees). Relevant Life Cover is tailor-made for this vast majority.
- High-Earning Employees: Directors or key staff who may have substantial group life cover already but are approaching their pension Lifetime Allowance (LTA). Although the LTA charge was removed in April 2024, payouts from most registered group life schemes are still tested against an individual’s available allowances (the new Lump Sum Allowance and Lump Sum and Death Benefit Allowance), potentially impacting pension funds. Relevant Life payouts are entirely separate and do not affect these allowances.
- Protecting Director's Families: For directors who are also the primary shareholders, it offers a tax-efficient way to secure their family's financial future using company funds, rather than post-tax personal income.
Essentially, it's a bridge between corporate finance and personal protection, offering the best of both worlds: a business-funded benefit with a direct, personal payout.
The Key Tax Advantages of a Relevant Life Policy
The financial appeal of Relevant Life Insurance lies in its remarkable tax efficiency. Let's break down the benefits from the perspective of the company, the employee, and the beneficiaries.
For the Company
- Corporation Tax Relief: The premiums your company pays for a Relevant Life Policy are generally viewed by HMRC as an allowable business expense. This means they can be offset against your company's corporation tax bill, reducing the net cost of the cover.
- No Employer's National Insurance: Unlike a salary increase, the premiums are not subject to Employer's National Insurance contributions (currently 13.8%).
For the Employee
- No Benefit-in-Kind (P11D): The premiums paid by the company are not treated as a 'benefit-in-kind'. This is a significant advantage. For most company perks, from a company car to private medical insurance, the employee has to pay income tax on the value of the benefit. With a Relevant Life Policy, they don't.
- No Employee's National Insurance: As it's not considered part of their income, the employee does not pay National Insurance contributions on the premiums.
For the Beneficiaries
- Free from Inheritance Tax (IHT) (illustrative): Because the policy is written into a discretionary trust from the outset, the payout is made to the trust, not to the deceased's estate. This means it falls outside the estate for IHT purposes. With the current IHT threshold at £325,000 and a tax rate of 40% on anything above that, this can save a family a substantial amount of money.
- Faster Payout: By bypassing the estate, the funds also avoid the often lengthy and complex process of probate. The trustees can distribute the money to the beneficiaries much more quickly, providing financial support when it is needed most.
A Cost Comparison: Relevant Life vs. Personal Life Insurance
To truly understand the financial impact, let's look at a simplified example of a company director who is a higher-rate taxpayer (40%).
Assumptions:
- Illustrative estimate: Life Cover needed: £750,000
- Illustrative estimate: Monthly premium: £80
- Illustrative estimate: Company's Corporation Tax Rate: 25% (main rate for profits over £250,000)
| Feature | Scenario A: Personal Life Insurance | Scenario B: Relevant Life Insurance |
|---|---|---|
| Who Pays? | The Director | The Company |
| Gross Salary/Dividend Needed | To have £80 post-tax, the director needs to draw approx. £133 in gross salary (factoring in 40% income tax and 2% NI). | £80 (paid directly by the company) |
| Annual Cost (Gross) | £133 x 12 = £1,596 (cost to the company as salary) | £80 x 12 = £960 (cost to the company as premium) |
| Corporation Tax Savings | £1,596 x 25% = £399 | £960 x 25% = £240 |
| Net Cost to the Company | £1,596 - £399 = £1,197 | £960 - £240 = £720 |
| Total Annual Saving | - | £477 |
As the table clearly shows, arranging the cover through a Relevant Life Policy results in a significant annual saving. The company's net cost is lower, and the director has the cover in place without it affecting their personal net income. Over the life of a 20 or 30-year policy, these savings add up to tens of thousands of pounds.
Who is Eligible for a Relevant Life Plan?
HMRC has specific rules about who can be covered by a Relevant Life Policy for it to qualify for the favourable tax treatment. The fundamental requirement is that there must be an employer-employee relationship.
Eligible Individuals:
- Company Directors: Salaried directors of a registered limited company in the UK. This is the most common use case.
- Employees: Any salaried employee of a UK business. This includes part-time staff, as long as they are on the payroll.
- Charity Employees: Employees of registered charities can also be covered.
- Members of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): This is a key distinction. Only salaried members of an LLP can be covered. Those who are treated as self-employed for tax purposes are not eligible.
Who is NOT Eligible? It's just as important to understand who cannot take out a Relevant Life Policy:
- Sole Traders: As a sole trader, you are the business. There is no separate legal entity to act as the employer, so you cannot establish the necessary employer-employee relationship with yourself.
- Equity Partners in a Partnership: Similar to sole traders, equity partners are not considered employees of the partnership.
- Self-Employed Individuals: If you are a freelancer or contractor operating as a sole trader, this type of cover is not available to you. You would need to look at personal life insurance options.
The key takeaway is that the business paying the premium must be a distinct legal entity from the person being insured, and that person must be on the company's payroll (PAYE). If you're unsure about your employment status, it's always best to seek advice. At WeCovr, our expert advisers can quickly help you determine if a Relevant Life Policy is a suitable option for your business structure.
How Does Relevant Life Insurance Work in Practice?
The process of setting up and claiming on a Relevant Life Policy is straightforward, but it has a few crucial steps that must be followed correctly to ensure the tax benefits are maintained.
Step 1: Application and Underwriting The process begins with the company applying for a policy on the life of an employee. The employee will need to complete an application form, which includes questions about their health, lifestyle, occupation, and family medical history. The insurer uses this information to assess the risk and calculate the premium.
Step 2: The Policy is Placed in Trust This is the most critical step. For the policy to be tax-efficient, it must be written into a discretionary trust from day one. The insurance provider will supply their standard trust documentation.
- The Settlor: The company is the 'settlor' of the trust (the one creating it).
- The Trustees: The company appoints trustees. These can be responsible individuals, such as other company directors, family members of the insured, or a professional trustee. They are legally responsible for managing the trust.
- The Beneficiaries: The employee will complete a 'nomination form' or 'letter of wishes' to guide the trustees on who they want the money to go to. This is a private document and is not legally binding, but trustees will almost always follow these wishes.
Step 3: The Company Pays the Premiums The company pays the premiums directly to the insurer. These payments are recorded as a business expense in the company's accounts.
Step 4: Making a Claim If the insured employee passes away while employed by the company and the policy is active, the trustees will initiate a claim. They will need to provide the insurer with the policy documents and a death certificate.
Step 5: The Payout The insurer pays the claim amount (the sum assured) directly to the trust. Because the money goes to the trust and not the company or the individual's estate, it is protected from creditors of the business and bypasses probate and Inheritance Tax. The trustees then distribute the funds to the beneficiaries as outlined in the letter of wishes.
Comparing Relevant Life Cover with Personal Life and Group Schemes
Choosing the right type of life insurance can be confusing. The table below provides a clear comparison of the three main options available to business owners and employees.
| Feature | Relevant Life Cover | Personal Life Insurance | Group Life Scheme |
|---|---|---|---|
| Who Pays Premium? | The company. | The individual. | The company. |
| Premium Tax Deductible? | Yes, generally. | No. | Yes. |
| Benefit-in-Kind for Employee? | No. | N/A | No. |
| IHT Liability on Payout? | No (paid into trust). | Yes (unless in trust). | No (paid into trust). |
| Pension Allowance Impact? | No. | No. | Yes, typically. |
| Underwriting | Full medical underwriting. | Full medical underwriting. | Often 'free cover limit' (no underwriting up to a certain level). |
| Portability | Can sometimes be converted to a personal plan if employee leaves. | Fully portable, owned by individual. | Cover ceases when employee leaves the company. |
| Ideal For | SMEs, company directors, high-earners. | Everyone, especially sole traders and self-employed. | Businesses with 3-5+ employees wanting a blanket benefit. |
This comparison highlights the unique niche that Relevant Life Cover fills. It provides the tax advantages of a group scheme but on an individual basis, making it perfect for the UK's millions of small businesses.
How Much Cover Can You Get?
The amount of life cover (the sum assured) that can be taken out under a Relevant Life Policy is not unlimited. Insurers cap the amount to ensure the policy's primary purpose is protection, not tax avoidance, in line with HMRC guidelines.
The maximum level of cover is typically determined as a multiple of the employee's total financial remuneration from the company. This includes:
- Basic salary
- Regular dividends paid in lieu of salary
- Bonuses (usually an average over the last few years)
- Benefits-in-kind
The multiple applied usually depends on the employee's age, with younger employees eligible for a higher multiple.
Example Multiples by Age:
| Age of Employee | Typical Maximum Multiple of Remuneration |
|---|---|
| Up to 39 | Up to 25x |
| 40 - 49 | Up to 20x |
| 50 - 59 | Up to 15x |
| 60+ | Up to 10x |
Note: These are illustrative figures. Each insurer has its own specific limits and calculation methods. Some may have higher or lower multiples.
For example, a 35-year-old director earning a salary of £40,000 and taking £30,000 in dividends (total remuneration £70,000) could potentially be eligible for cover up to £1,750,000 (£70,000 x 25).
A specialist broker like WeCovr can help you determine the maximum cover available by comparing the different calculation methods used by all the major UK insurers. We ensure you get the right level of protection for your needs while adhering to all the rules.
Key Considerations Before Taking Out a Relevant Life Policy
While the benefits are clear, there are several important factors to consider before committing to a Relevant Life plan.
The Trust is Essential
We've mentioned it before, but it cannot be overstated: the policy must be written into a suitable discretionary trust from the very beginning. If this step is missed, or done incorrectly, all the tax benefits are lost. The payout would likely be made to the company, becoming a taxable trading receipt, and would then need to be paid out to the family via the estate, attracting IHT.
What Happens if the Employee Leaves the Company?
Unlike a personal policy that you own for life, a Relevant Life Policy is tied to your employment. If the insured person leaves the company, there are a few possible outcomes:
- Cancellation: The most common outcome is that the old company stops paying the premiums and the policy lapses. The cover ceases.
- Conversion: Some policies include a 'continuation option'. This allows the employee to take over the policy personally, converting it into a standard personal life insurance plan without the need for further medical underwriting. The employee would then start paying the premiums from their own post-tax income.
- Takeover by a New Employer: In some cases, if the employee moves to another limited company, it may be possible for the new employer to take over the policy and continue paying the premiums.
What Happens if the Business Closes?
If the company that owns the policy is wound up or ceases trading, the policy will end. There is no longer an employer to pay the premiums. This is a key risk for directors of small companies – your personal life cover is dependent on the survival of your business. For this reason, some directors choose to have a combination of a Relevant Life Policy and a smaller personal policy for baseline protection.
HMRC Rules Can Change
The tax treatment of Relevant Life policies is based on current legislation. While these rules have been in place for many years, governments can and do change tax laws. Any changes could affect the future tax-efficiency of the plan.
Adding Critical Illness Cover
Some insurers allow Critical Illness Cover to be added to a Relevant Life Policy. This provides a lump sum if the employee is diagnosed with a specified serious illness. However, the tax treatment of the critical illness component can be more complex. A payout made to the employee during their lifetime may be treated as a benefit-in-kind and subject to tax. It is crucial to get expert advice on this to understand the implications fully.
Beyond Relevant Life: Other Protection for Business Owners
A Relevant Life Policy is a fantastic tool for personal protection funded by the business. However, it's just one piece of the puzzle. Prudent business owners should also consider other forms of business protection that safeguard the company itself.
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Key Person Insurance: This protects the business from the financial impact of losing a vital member of staff (including a director) to death or critical illness. The policy pays out to the company to cover costs like lost profits, recruitment fees, or clearing a business loan. It’s about business continuity, not family protection.
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Shareholder or Partnership Protection: In a business with multiple owners, what happens if one dies? Their shares typically pass to their heirs, who may have no interest or skill in running the business. Shareholder Protection provides the surviving owners with the funds to buy the deceased's shares from their estate at a pre-agreed price, ensuring a smooth transition and maintaining control.
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Executive Income Protection: Similar to a Relevant Life Policy, this is a company-funded plan. It provides a regular monthly income if an employee or director is unable to work due to long-term illness or injury. Like a Relevant Life Policy, the premiums are typically a deductible business expense and not a benefit-in-kind for the employee, making it a tax-efficient way to protect an individual's most important asset: their income.
At WeCovr, we believe that looking after your health is as important as having the right financial protection. That's why, in addition to expert insurance advice, we provide all our clients with complimentary access to CalorieHero, our proprietary AI-powered calorie and nutrition tracking app. It's our way of going the extra mile to support your overall wellbeing.
Conclusion: A Smart Choice for Modern Businesses
Relevant Life Insurance offers a compelling and tax-efficient solution for UK limited companies looking to provide death-in-service benefits. For company directors, it represents an intelligent way to secure their family's future using pre-tax company profits, delivering substantial savings compared to a personal policy. For small businesses, it unlocks access to a valuable employee benefit that was once the preserve of larger corporations.
By understanding the mechanics of the policy, the crucial role of the trust, and the eligibility criteria, business owners can leverage this powerful tool to enhance their financial planning. It provides peace of mind for employees and their families, acts as a valuable recruitment and retention tool, and does it all in a way that is financially astute for the business.
Navigating the nuances of different insurers' offerings and ensuring the trust is set up correctly is vital. Working with an expert adviser can demystify the process and ensure you find the right policy for your specific circumstances. A Relevant Life Policy isn't just an expense; it's an investment in your people and your family's future, structured in the smartest way possible.
Is Relevant Life Insurance a P11D benefit?
Can I have a Relevant Life Policy if I'm a sole trader?
Is the payout from a Relevant Life Policy taxable?
What happens if I close my limited company?
How is a Relevant Life Policy different from a 'death in service' scheme?
Does the payout form part of the employee's Lifetime Allowance for pensions?
Sources
- Office for National Statistics (ONS): Mortality, earnings, and household statistics.
- Financial Conduct Authority (FCA): Insurance and consumer protection guidance.
- Association of British Insurers (ABI): Life insurance and protection market publications.
- HMRC: Tax treatment guidance for relevant protection and benefits products.






