Kidney Stones Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
WeCovr explains kidney stones, treatment options, and how private healthcare supports faster relief
Kidney stones can be intensely painful, and navigating treatment can be stressful. At WeCovr, an FCA-authorised broker that has helped arrange over 900,000 policies, we believe understanding your options is the first step to relief. This guide explains kidney stones and how private medical insurance in the UK can offer a faster path to diagnosis and treatment.
Kidney stones are a common and often excruciatingly painful condition, affecting around 1 in 10 people in the UK at some point in their lives. While the NHS provides excellent care, long waiting lists for diagnosis and treatment can prolong the discomfort and disruption to your daily life.
This is where private health cover can make a significant difference. It’s designed to work alongside the NHS, giving you more control over your healthcare journey when you face an acute condition like kidney stones.
What Exactly Are Kidney Stones? A Simple Explanation
Your kidneys are remarkable organs. They act as your body's sophisticated filtering system, processing about 150 litres of blood daily to remove waste products and excess fluid, which are then turned into urine.
Sometimes, these waste products—like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid—can become highly concentrated in your urine. When this happens, they can crystallise and clump together, forming hard, stone-like lumps. These are kidney stones.
They can range in size from a tiny grain of sand to, in rare cases, the size of a golf ball.
- Small stones may pass out of your body in your urine without you even noticing.
- Larger stones can get stuck in your urinary tract—the tubes connecting your kidneys to your bladder (ureters). This blockage causes urine to back up, leading to swelling, pressure, and the severe pain commonly associated with the condition.
Types of Kidney Stones
There are four main types of kidney stones, and knowing the type can help your doctor recommend the best prevention strategy.
- Calcium Stones (Most Common): Making up about 80% of all cases, these are usually a mixture of calcium and oxalate. High levels of calcium or oxalate in your urine are the primary cause.
- Struvite Stones: These are less common and are often linked to chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Uric Acid Stones: More common in men, these can form when your urine is consistently too acidic. A diet rich in red meat and shellfish can increase your risk.
- Cystine Stones: These are rare and are caused by a genetic disorder called "cystinuria" that causes a natural substance, cystine, to leak into the urine.
Recognising the Signs: Common Symptoms of Kidney Stones
The symptoms of a kidney stone can appear suddenly and with alarming intensity, especially when the stone starts to move or causes a blockage.
The hallmark symptom is a severe, cramping pain known as renal colic. This pain often:
- Starts in your back, just below your ribs, on one side.
- Radiates around to your abdomen and groin.
- Comes in waves, lasting from a few minutes to several hours.
People who have experienced kidney stones often describe the pain as worse than childbirth or a broken bone.
Other common symptoms include:
- A persistent ache in your lower back.
- Feeling sick (nausea) or vomiting.
- Blood in your urine (haematuria), which can make it look pink, red, or brown.
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
- An urgent or frequent need to urinate.
- Pain or a burning sensation when you urinate.
- Fever and chills, which could signal an infection.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Help
You should call 999 or go to your nearest A&E if you experience:
- An unbearable, severe pain that you cannot manage.
- A high temperature (fever).
- Shivering or chills.
- Vomiting and being unable to keep fluids down.
These can be signs of a serious infection or a complete blockage, which requires immediate medical attention.
What Causes Kidney Stones to Form? Key Risk Factors
While anyone can develop kidney stones, certain factors significantly increase your risk. Understanding these can be the first step towards prevention.
| Risk Factor Category | Specific Causes and Details |
|---|---|
| Diet & Lifestyle | Not drinking enough water: This is the number one cause. Dehydration concentrates your urine, allowing stone-forming minerals to crystallise. Aim for 2-3 litres of fluid per day. |
| High-protein, salt, or sugar diet: A diet high in sodium can increase calcium in your urine. High-protein diets can raise uric acid levels. | |
| High-oxalate foods: For those prone to calcium oxalate stones, foods like spinach, rhubarb, nuts, and chocolate can contribute to stone formation if eaten in large quantities. | |
| Obesity: A higher body mass index (BMI) is linked to changes in the acid levels of urine, increasing the risk of stone formation. | |
| Medical History | Previous kidney stones: If you've had one stone, you have a 50% chance of developing another within 5-7 years. |
| Family history: If a close relative has had kidney stones, your risk is higher. | |
| Certain medical conditions: Conditions like gout, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease), chronic UTIs, and hyperparathyroidism (an overactive parathyroid gland) can increase your risk. | |
| Medications | Some medications: Certain diuretics, calcium-based antacids, and some medications used to treat migraines or depression can increase the likelihood of stones forming. Always discuss this with your GP or specialist. |
Diagnosing Kidney Stones: The NHS vs. Private Pathway
Getting an accurate diagnosis is crucial for determining the right treatment. The process typically involves a combination of discussing your symptoms, providing samples, and undergoing imaging scans. This is an area where having private health cover can dramatically speed things up.
The Diagnostic Journey
- Initial GP Consultation: Your journey will almost always start with your GP. They will assess your symptoms and may ask for a urine sample to check for blood or signs of infection.
- Pain Management: If you are in severe pain, you may be given strong painkillers.
- Referral to a Specialist: If a kidney stone is suspected, your GP will refer you to a urologist (a specialist in urinary system problems) for further tests.
- Imaging Scans: To confirm the diagnosis and determine the size and location of the stone, you will need an imaging scan. The most common is a non-contrast CT (computerised tomography) scan, which is highly effective. An ultrasound or X-ray may also be used.
How Private Medical Insurance Accelerates Diagnosis
The main advantage of private medical insurance UK is bypassing the long waiting lists that can exist within the NHS for specialist appointments and diagnostic scans.
According to the latest NHS England data, waiting times for urology appointments can stretch for many weeks or even months.
NHS vs. Private Pathway: A Comparison
| Stage of Care | Typical NHS Pathway | Typical Private Pathway |
|---|---|---|
| GP Referral | Your GP refers you to an NHS urology department. | Your GP gives you an open referral letter to see a private urologist. |
| Specialist Wait | Wait can be several weeks or months, depending on your location and the urgency. | You can often book an appointment within a few days, sometimes even the next day. |
| Diagnostic Scan Wait | After seeing the specialist, you may face another wait for a CT scan or ultrasound. | Scans are usually arranged within a week, often at a time and location convenient for you. |
| Choice of Specialist | You are typically assigned to the next available specialist at your local NHS hospital. | You can choose your consultant from a list of approved specialists covered by your insurer. |
| Overall Time to Dx | Weeks to Months: The entire process from GP visit to confirmed diagnosis can be lengthy. | Days to a Week: A diagnosis can often be reached much faster, allowing treatment to begin sooner. |
This speed is not just about convenience; it's about reducing the period of pain, anxiety, and disruption to your work and family life.
Treatment Options for Kidney Stones: From Simple to Surgical
Once a kidney stone is diagnosed, the treatment plan will depend on its size, type, and location, as well as the severity of your symptoms.
1. Conservative Management (For Small Stones)
If your stone is small (typically less than 5mm), it has a high chance of passing on its own. Your doctor will likely recommend:
- Pain relief: Over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen or paracetamol. If the pain is severe, stronger prescription medication may be needed.
- Hydration: Drinking 2-3 litres of water a day to help flush the stone out.
- Alpha-blockers: Medications like tamsulosin can relax the muscles in your ureter, helping the stone pass more easily and with less pain. This is known as Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET).
2. Active Treatment (For Larger or Problematic Stones)
If a stone is too large to pass, is causing unbearable pain, or is blocking urine flow, more active treatment is required. Private medical insurance provides swift access to these advanced procedures.
Here are the main options:
-
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL):
- What it is: This is a non-invasive procedure where powerful sound waves (shock waves) are directed at the stone from outside the body. The vibrations break the large stone into smaller, sand-like fragments that can then be passed in your urine.
- Best for: Stones located in the kidney that are of a suitable size and density.
- The Private Advantage: You can schedule the procedure quickly, avoiding long waits and getting relief faster.
-
Ureteroscopy (URS):
- What it is: A surgeon passes a very thin, flexible telescope with a camera (a ureteroscope) through your urethra and bladder, up into the ureter where the stone is located. They can then either pull the stone out with a tiny basket or break it up with a laser. A temporary tube called a stent may be left in the ureter for a few days to help urine drain.
- Best for: Stones stuck in the ureter.
- The Private Advantage: Choice of a highly experienced surgeon and scheduling the procedure at a time that suits you, often in a comfortable private hospital.
-
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL):
- What it is: This is a keyhole surgical procedure used for very large or complex stones in the kidney. A small incision is made in your back, and a telescope is passed directly into the kidney to break up and remove the stone.
- Best for: Large stones (over 2cm) or multiple stones.
- The Private Advantage: Access to leading surgeons who specialise in this complex procedure and a more comfortable recovery in a private room.
Waiting for these procedures on the NHS can take months. With a private health cover plan, you can often have the treatment within a couple of weeks of diagnosis, significantly shortening your path to recovery.
The Role of Private Medical Insurance in Kidney Stone Treatment
Private medical insurance (PMI) is designed to cover the costs of treatment for acute conditions—illnesses or injuries that are short-term and likely to respond quickly to treatment. Kidney stones are a perfect example of an acute condition that PMI is designed to address.
Here’s a summary of the key benefits:
- Speedy Access: Bypass NHS waiting lists for specialist consultations, diagnostic scans (CT, MRI, ultrasound), and surgical procedures.
- Choice and Control: Choose your specialist from a network of leading urologists and select the hospital where you receive your treatment.
- Comfort and Privacy: Recover in a private room with an en-suite bathroom, more flexible visiting hours, and often better food choices.
- Access to Advanced Technology: Private hospitals are often equipped with the very latest diagnostic and surgical technology.
- Reduced Disruption: Getting treated faster means less time off work and a quicker return to your normal life. For a self-employed person or someone in a critical role, this can be invaluable.
A Real-World Example:
Imagine Sarah, a 45-year-old graphic designer, is suddenly struck by intense back pain. Her GP suspects kidney stones and refers her to an NHS urologist, warning her the wait could be 12-16 weeks. The pain is manageable with medication but unpredictable, causing her to miss client deadlines.
Fortunately, Sarah has a private medical insurance policy. She gets an open referral from her GP, calls her insurer, and sees a private urologist within three days. A CT scan the following day confirms a 7mm stone stuck in her ureter. A week later, she undergoes a ureteroscopy procedure in a private hospital and is back to work within days. The total time from pain onset to resolution was less than two weeks.
Navigating PMI for Kidney Stones: What You Need to Know
While PMI is hugely beneficial, it's essential to understand how it works, particularly regarding pre-existing conditions.
The Crucial Rule: Pre-existing and Chronic Conditions
Standard UK private medical insurance policies are designed for new, acute conditions that arise after your policy has started. They do not cover:
- Pre-existing conditions: Any illness, injury, or symptom you have had in the years before taking out the policy. Most insurers use a 5-year look-back period.
- Chronic conditions: Conditions that require long-term management and have no known cure, such as diabetes, arthritis, or asthma.
How does this apply to kidney stones?
- If you develop kidney stones for the first time after your policy starts: This is considered a new, acute condition and will almost certainly be covered.
- If you have a history of kidney stones before taking out a policy: This will be treated as a pre-existing condition. Coverage will depend on your policy's underwriting.
- Moratorium Underwriting: Your pre-existing kidney stones would be excluded for a set period (usually 24 months). If you remain completely symptom-free and need no treatment or advice for them during that time, they may become eligible for cover afterwards.
- Full Medical Underwriting: You declare your history of kidney stones upfront. The insurer will likely place a permanent exclusion on your policy for kidney stones and related conditions.
This is why it's often best to secure private health cover when you are healthy. An expert PMI broker, like WeCovr, can help you understand these rules and find a policy that fits your circumstances.
Lifestyle and Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk of Kidney Stones
Whether you've had a kidney stone before or want to avoid them altogether, prevention is key. Small lifestyle changes can make a huge difference.
- Stay Hydrated (The Golden Rule): Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day—at least 2.5 to 3 litres. Your urine should be a pale, straw-like colour. Water is best.
- Moderate Your Salt Intake: High sodium levels can increase calcium in your urine. Aim for less than 6g of salt per day. Be mindful of processed foods, which are often high in hidden salt.
- Balance Your Protein: Don't overdo it on animal protein (red meat, poultry, eggs). High-protein diets can increase uric acid and reduce citrate, a chemical that helps prevent stones.
- Be Smart About Oxalates: If you're prone to calcium oxalate stones, you don't need to eliminate high-oxalate foods entirely, but enjoy them in moderation. These include spinach, rhubarb, beetroot, nuts, and tea. Pairing them with calcium-rich foods can help, as the oxalate and calcium bind in the gut rather than the kidneys.
- Don't Cut Out Calcium: It’s a common myth that you should avoid calcium. A diet low in calcium can actually increase your risk of oxalate stones. Aim for a normal dietary intake of calcium from sources like milk, yoghurt, and cheese.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Managing your weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help reduce your risk.
To help you stay on track with your diet, WeCovr provides all its health and life insurance customers with complimentary access to CalorieHero, our advanced AI-powered calorie and nutrition tracking app.
WeCovr: Your Partner in Health
Navigating the world of private medical insurance can seem complex, but you don't have to do it alone. At WeCovr, we specialise in making it simple. Our expert advisors compare plans from the best PMI providers in the UK to find cover that suits your needs and budget—at no extra cost to you.
We are proud of our high customer satisfaction ratings, and we also offer discounts on other types of insurance when you purchase a health or life policy through us.
Are kidney stones covered by private medical insurance in the UK?
Can I get private health cover if I have had kidney stones before?
Is it worth getting private treatment for kidney stones?
Ready to explore how private healthcare can give you peace of mind and faster access to treatment?
Related guides
Why private medical insurance and how does it work?
What is Private Medical Insurance?
Private medical insurance (PMI) is a type of health insurance that provides access to private healthcare services in the UK. It covers the cost of private medical treatment, allowing you to bypass NHS waiting lists and receive faster, more convenient care.How does it work?
Private medical insurance works by paying for your private healthcare costs. When you need treatment, you can choose to go private and your insurance will cover the costs, subject to your policy terms and conditions. This can include:• Private consultations with specialists
• Private hospital treatment and surgery
• Diagnostic tests and scans
• Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
• Mental health treatment
Your premium depends on factors like your age, health, occupation, and the level of cover you choose. Most policies offer different levels of cover, from basic to comprehensive, allowing you to tailor the policy to your needs and budget.
Questions to ask yourself regarding private medical insurance
Just ask yourself:👉 Are you concerned about NHS waiting times for treatment?
👉 Would you prefer to choose your own consultant and hospital?
👉 Do you want faster access to diagnostic tests and scans?
👉 Would you like private hospital accommodation and better food?
👉 Do you want to avoid the stress of NHS waiting lists?
Many people don't realise that private medical insurance is more affordable than they think, especially when you consider the value of faster treatment and better facilities. A great insurance policy can provide peace of mind and ensure you receive the care you need when you need it.
Benefits offered by private medical insurance
Private medical insurance provides numerous benefits that can significantly improve your healthcare experience and outcomes:Faster Access to Treatment
One of the biggest advantages is avoiding NHS waiting lists. While the NHS provides excellent care, waiting times can be lengthy. With private medical insurance, you can often receive treatment within days or weeks rather than months.
Choice of Consultant and Hospital
You can choose your preferred consultant and hospital, giving you more control over your healthcare journey. This is particularly important for complex treatments where you want a specific specialist.
Better Facilities and Accommodation
Private hospitals typically offer superior facilities, including private rooms, better food, and more comfortable surroundings. This can make your recovery more pleasant and potentially faster.
Advanced Treatments
Private medical insurance often covers treatments and medications not available on the NHS, giving you access to the latest medical advances and technologies.
Mental Health Support
Many policies include comprehensive mental health coverage, providing faster access to therapy and psychiatric care when needed.
Tax Benefits for Business Owners
If you're self-employed or a business owner, private medical insurance premiums can be tax-deductible, making it a cost-effective way to protect your health and your business.
Peace of Mind
Knowing you have access to private healthcare when you need it provides invaluable peace of mind, especially for those with ongoing health conditions or concerns about NHS capacity.
Private medical insurance is particularly valuable for those who want to take control of their healthcare journey and ensure they receive the best possible treatment when they need it most.
Important Fact!
We can look at a more suitable option mid-term!
Why is it important to get private medical insurance early?
👉 Many people are very thankful that they had their private medical insurance cover in place before running into some serious health issues. Private medical insurance is as important as life insurance for protecting your family's finances.👉 We insure our cars, houses, and even our phones! Yet our health is the most precious thing we have.
Easily one of the most important insurance purchases an individual or family can make in their lifetime, the decision to buy private medical insurance can be made much simpler with the help of FCA-authorised advisers. They are the specialists who do the searching and analysis helping people choose between various types of private medical insurance policies available in the market, including different levels of cover and policy types most suitable to the client's individual circumstances.
It certainly won't do any harm if you speak with one of our experienced insurance experts who are passionate about advising people on financial matters related to private medical insurance and are keen to provide you with a free consultation.
You can discuss with them in detail what affordable private medical insurance plan for the necessary peace of mind they would recommend! WeCovr works with some of the best advisers in the market.
By tapping the button below, you can book a free call with them in less than 30 seconds right now:
Our Group Is Proud To Have Issued 800,000+ Policies!
We've established collaboration agreements with leading insurance groups to create tailored coverage
How It Works
1. Complete a brief form
2. Our experts analyse your information and find you best quotes
3. Enjoy your protection!
Any questions?
Learn more
Who Are WeCovr?
WeCovr is an insurance specialist for people valuing their peace of mind and a great service.👍 WeCovr will help you get your private medical insurance, life insurance, critical illness insurance and others in no time thanks to our wonderful super-friendly experts ready to assist you every step of the way.
Just a quick and simple form and an easy conversation with one of our experts and your valuable insurance policy is in place for that needed peace of mind!