Receiving a letter stating your private medical insurance claim has been denied can be disheartening, especially when you're focused on your health. At WeCovr, an FCA-authorised broker that has helped arrange over 900,000 policies, we believe that clarity is key. This guide explains why a private medical insurance claim in the UK might be rejected and what you can do about it.
WeCovr explains appeals and your rights
Navigating the world of private health insurance can feel complex. When a claim is denied, it's easy to feel lost. However, you have clear rights and there is a structured process for appealing a decision you believe is unfair.
This comprehensive article will walk you through:
- The most common reasons insurers deny claims.
- The immediate steps you should take after a denial.
- How to launch a formal appeal with your insurer.
- Your right to escalate the issue to the Financial Ombudsman Service.
- Practical tips to minimise the risk of a claim denial in the first place.
Understanding this process empowers you to challenge a decision confidently and ensures you get the full benefit of the cover you've paid for.
Why Might a Private Health Insurance Claim Be Denied?
An insurer doesn't deny a claim lightly. The decision is almost always based on the specific terms and conditions of your policy. Here are the most common reasons you might face a rejection.
The Critical Distinction: Acute vs. Chronic Conditions
This is the single most important concept to grasp in UK private medical insurance.
- Acute Condition: A disease, illness, or injury that is likely to respond quickly to treatment and lead to a full recovery, returning you to your previous state of health. Examples include a hernia, cataracts, or a joint replacement. PMI is designed to cover acute conditions.
- Chronic Condition: A disease, illness, or injury that has one or more of the following characteristics: it needs ongoing or long-term monitoring, it has no known cure, it is likely to recur, or it requires palliative care. Examples include diabetes, asthma, hypertension (high blood pressure), and eczema. Standard PMI policies do not cover the ongoing management of chronic conditions.
An insurer might pay for the initial diagnosis of a chronic condition, but they will not typically cover the long-term treatment, check-ups, or medication required to manage it. This responsibility remains with the NHS.
Pre-existing Conditions
Alongside chronic conditions, this is a leading cause of claim denials. A pre-existing condition is any disease, illness, or injury for which you have experienced symptoms, received medication, or sought advice or treatment before your policy started.
How insurers handle this depends on your underwriting type:
- Moratorium Underwriting: This is the most common type. The insurer doesn't ask for your full medical history upfront. Instead, they apply a "moratorium" period (usually two years). They will not cover any condition you had in the five years before your policy began. However, if you go for two continuous years on the policy without any symptoms, treatment, or advice for that condition, it may become eligible for cover.
- Full Medical Underwriting (FMU): You complete a detailed health questionnaire when you apply. The insurer assesses your medical history and explicitly lists any conditions that will be excluded from your cover from day one. This provides more certainty but can be a longer application process.
Example: You saw a doctor for back pain 18 months before buying a PMI policy. A year into your policy, the pain returns and you need a scan. Under a moratorium policy, this claim would likely be denied as it relates to a pre-existing condition that has not yet passed the two-year clear period.
General Policy Exclusions
Every policy has a list of standard exclusions. It's vital you read your policy documents to know what they are. Common exclusions include:
- Emergency Services: Treatment in A&E is handled by the NHS.
- Normal Pregnancy & Childbirth: While complications might be covered, routine maternity care usually is not.
- Cosmetic Surgery: Procedures for purely aesthetic reasons are excluded. Surgery to restore appearance after an accident or illness (reconstructive surgery) may be covered.
- Self-inflicted Injuries: This can include injuries from dangerous sports or substance abuse.
- Experimental or Unproven Treatment: Insurers cover treatments that are evidence-based and widely recognised in the UK.
- Certain Mental Health Conditions: While many modern policies offer some level of mental health support, comprehensive cover for long-term psychiatric conditions is often an optional add-on or excluded.
Failure to Follow the Correct Claims Procedure
Insurers have a clear process you must follow to have treatment approved. A misstep here is a common and avoidable reason for denial. The typical process is:
- Visit Your GP: You feel unwell, so you see your NHS or private GP.
- Get an Open Referral: Your GP determines you need to see a specialist and provides you with an "open referral" letter.
- Call Your Insurer for Pre-authorisation: This is the crucial step. Before you book any consultation or treatment, you must call your insurer. You give them the details from your GP referral, and they confirm that the condition and proposed treatment path are covered under your policy. They will give you an authorisation number and a list of approved specialists or hospitals.
- Book Your Appointment: You can now proceed with booking the consultation or treatment with an approved provider.
If you skip Step 3 and arrange treatment yourself, the insurer has the right to refuse payment.
Exceeding Your Policy Limits
Private health cover isn't a blank cheque. Your policy will have limits, which could be:
- Annual Financial Limit: A total cap on the value of claims you can make in a policy year (e.g., £50,000 or "unlimited").
- Treatment-Specific Limits: Limits on certain therapies, such as a set number of physiotherapy sessions or a cap on outpatient consultations.
- Hospital List: Your policy will have a list of approved hospitals. Choosing a hospital not on your list (e.g., a premium central London hospital) could lead to the claim being denied or only partially paid.
| Reason for Denial | Explanation | How to Avoid It |
|---|
| Pre-existing Condition | You had symptoms or treatment for the condition before your policy started. | Disclose your full medical history (FMU) or understand the 2-year rule (Moratorium). |
| Chronic Condition | The condition requires long-term management rather than a quick cure (e.g., diabetes). | Understand that PMI is for acute conditions. Rely on the NHS for chronic care. |
| Policy Exclusion | The treatment is specifically listed as not covered (e.g., cosmetic surgery). | Read your policy documents carefully before you buy and before you claim. |
| Incorrect Procedure | You didn't get pre-authorisation from your insurer before treatment. | Always call your insurer after getting a GP referral and before booking anything. |
| Policy Limits Exceeded | You've gone over your annual benefit limit or used a non-approved hospital. | Check your policy schedule for financial caps and your approved hospital list. |
Seeing a rejection letter is stressful, but it's important to act methodically. A calm, organised approach will give you the best chance of a successful appeal.
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Read the Denial Letter Carefully: Don't just skim it. The letter must state the specific reason for the denial and reference the part of your policy wording they are relying on. Is it an exclusion? A pre-existing condition clause? Understanding their exact reasoning is the foundation of your appeal.
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Review Your Policy Documents: Find your policy schedule, key facts document, and the full policy wording. Locate the clause the insurer mentioned. Read it and the surrounding paragraphs to understand the context. Does their interpretation seem correct?
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Gather All Your Evidence: Create a file with every relevant document. This includes:
- The claim denial letter.
- Your original policy application form.
- Your policy schedule and wording.
- The GP referral letter.
- Any letters or reports from your specialist consultant.
- Results of any tests or scans.
- A timeline of your symptoms and appointments.
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Contact Your Insurer for Clarification: Make a phone call. Be polite and calm. State your policy number and the claim number. Ask the representative to explain the decision in simple terms. Sometimes, a denial is due to a simple administrative error or a misunderstanding that can be cleared up quickly. Take notes during the call, including the date, time, and the name of the person you spoke to.
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Speak to Your PMI Broker: If you bought your policy through an expert broker like WeCovr, now is the time to call them. A good broker is your advocate. We understand the policy jargon and the insurers' processes. We can review the denial, advise you on the strength of your case, and help you draft your appeal. This support is invaluable and comes at no extra cost to you.
If a quick phone call doesn't resolve the issue, you need to begin the insurer's formal internal complaints process. Every FCA-regulated insurer must have one.
This is your first official challenge. Your letter should be clear, concise, and professional.
Key elements to include:
- Your Details: Full name, address, and policy number.
- Clear Subject Line: "Formal Complaint Regarding Denied Claim [Your Claim Number]".
- The Problem: State clearly that you are complaining about the decision to deny your claim and that you wish to appeal.
- A Factual Timeline: Briefly outline the sequence of events, from your first symptoms to the claim denial. Use dates where possible.
- Your Argument: This is the most important part. Explain, point by point, why you believe the decision was wrong.
- Refer directly to your medical evidence (e.g., "My consultant, Dr. Smith, stated in her letter of [Date] that the condition is acute and not related to any previous issues.").
- Refer to your policy wording if you believe it has been misinterpreted.
- The Resolution You Want: State what you want to happen (e.g., "I request that you reconsider your decision and authorise payment for the treatment.").
- Attachments: Mention that you have attached copies of all your supporting documents.
Send this letter by email (so you have a time-stamped record) and also consider sending a copy by recorded delivery.
Step 2: The Insurer's Acknowledgement and Investigation
Under Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) rules, the insurer should acknowledge your complaint promptly (usually within 5 working days). They will then assign your case to a complaint handler or manager who was not involved in the original decision. They will review all the evidence from you and their own files.
Step 3: The Insurer's "Final Response"
The FCA gives insurers up to eight weeks to provide you with a "final response". This letter will detail the outcome of their investigation and state one of three things:
- Complaint Upheld: They agree with you, overturn the original decision, and will pay the claim.
- Complaint Partially Upheld: They may agree with part of your complaint and offer a compromise, such as a partial payment (an "ex-gratia" payment).
- Complaint Not Upheld: They stand by their original decision and provide a detailed explanation of why.
Crucially, if they do not uphold your complaint, the final response letter must inform you of your right to take your case to the Financial Ombudsman Service, and include a leaflet explaining how to do so.
Escalating Your Complaint: The Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS)
If you're unhappy with the insurer's final response, or if they haven't given you one within eight weeks, your next stop is the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS).
What is the FOS?
The FOS is a free and independent service that settles disputes between consumers and businesses that provide financial services, including insurance companies. They are not a consumer champion or an industry watchdog; their role is to be an impartial referee.
How Does the FOS Process Work?
- Submitting Your Complaint: You can fill out a form on the FOS website. You will need to provide your details, the insurer's details, and explain your complaint, attaching the insurer's final response and your evidence. You must do this within six months of the date on the final response letter.
- Investigation: An FOS case handler will look at both sides of the story. They will consider the law, industry regulations, your policy terms, and what is considered fair and reasonable in the circumstances of your case. They may ask you or the insurer for more information.
- The Decision: The handler will first give their initial assessment. If you and the insurer both agree, the case is closed. If not, the case is passed to an ombudsman for a final, legally binding decision.
- The Final Decision: If you accept the ombudsman's final decision, it is binding on the insurer. They must do what the ombudsman says. This could include paying the original claim, adding interest, and even paying you compensation for distress or inconvenience. If you do not accept the decision, you can still take your case to court, but the FOS process ends.
According to the FOS's latest annual data (2022/23), they received 1,281 new complaints about private medical insurance. The overall uphold rate for general insurance complaints was 34%, meaning just over a third of complaints were found in the consumer's favour. This shows that escalating a complaint can often lead to a positive outcome.
Real-Life Scenarios: Understanding Claim Denials in Practice
Let's look at some examples to see how these rules apply in the real world.
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Scenario 1: The Pre-authorisation Mistake
- Patient: Mark, 45.
- Situation: Mark's GP refers him for an MRI on his shoulder. His friend recommends a clinic, so Mark books and pays for the scan himself, planning to claim it back.
- Outcome: The insurer denies the claim.
- Reason: Mark failed to get pre-authorisation. The insurer had no opportunity to confirm the scan was medically necessary or direct him to a facility within their approved network. The denial is correct based on the policy terms.
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Scenario 2: The Successful Pre-existing Condition Appeal
- Patient: Chloe, 35.
- Situation: Chloe's claim for gynaecological surgery is denied. The insurer states it's a pre-existing condition, citing a GP visit for "period pain" four years before her policy started.
- Action: Chloe appeals. She gets a letter from her specialist consultant explicitly stating that her current diagnosis (e.g., endometriosis) is a separate and distinct issue from the common period pain she saw her GP for years ago.
- Outcome: The insurer reviews the new medical evidence, agrees the conditions are unrelated, and upholds her appeal, authorising the surgery.
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Scenario 3: The Chronic Condition Clarification
- Patient: David, 60.
- Situation: David is diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes after his insurer authorises a series of diagnostic tests. He then submits a claim for his ongoing medication and quarterly check-ups.
- Outcome: The claim is denied.
- Reason: Diabetes is a chronic condition. The policy correctly covered the acute phase of diagnosis to find out what was wrong. However, the long-term management of the condition is not covered and must be handled by the NHS. The denial is correct.
How to Minimise the Risk of a Claim Being Denied
Prevention is always better than cure. By being proactive and informed from the start, you can significantly reduce the chances of ever having to deal with a denied claim.
- Be 100% Honest on Your Application: Whether it's a full health questionnaire or questions for a moratorium policy, answer everything truthfully and completely. Forgetting to mention a past consultation or treatment, even if it seems minor, can be classed as "non-disclosure" and could invalidate your entire policy.
- Understand Your Underwriting: Ask your broker to explain the difference between Moratorium and Full Medical Underwriting and choose the one that's right for you. FMU provides more certainty on what's covered from day one.
- Read Your Policy (Especially the Exclusions): Before you sign up, read the Key Facts and the list of exclusions. Are you a keen rugby player? Check the dangerous sports clause. Planning a family? Check the maternity cover. Knowing what isn't covered is as important as knowing what is.
- Save the Claims Number: Put your insurer's pre-authorisation phone number in your mobile contacts. Make it a habit: GP referral first, then phone call to the insurer, always.
- Use an Expert PMI Broker: This is perhaps the most effective preventative measure. A specialist broker like WeCovr doesn't just sell you a policy. We take the time to understand your health, lifestyle, and budget. We then compare the market, explain the crucial differences between providers, and guide you to a policy that genuinely fits your needs, dramatically reducing the risk of a future mismatch between your expectations and the reality of the cover.
WeCovr's Added Value: More Than Just Insurance
Choosing WeCovr as your health insurance partner provides benefits that go beyond just finding a policy.
- Expert, Impartial Advice: Our team are specialists in the private medical insurance UK market. We provide clear, simple guidance to help you navigate your options, at no cost to you.
- Claim Advocacy: While we can't guarantee outcomes, we can provide invaluable support if you run into issues like a denied claim, helping you understand the process and formulate your appeal.
- Integrated Wellness: We believe in proactive health. That's why WeCovr clients get complimentary access to CalorieHero, our AI-powered calorie and nutrition tracking app, helping you build healthy habits.
- Customer Satisfaction: Our clients consistently give us high ratings on independent review sites, reflecting our commitment to service and support.
- Multi-Policy Discounts: When you protect your health with us, we can offer you exclusive discounts on other vital cover, such as life insurance or income protection, making it simpler and more affordable to get fully protected.
What is the difference between an acute and a chronic condition for PMI?
An acute condition is an illness or injury that is expected to respond quickly to treatment and lead to a full recovery (e.g., a bone fracture, appendicitis, or cataract surgery). UK private medical insurance is designed to cover these. A chronic condition is a long-term illness that has no known cure and requires ongoing management (e.g., diabetes, asthma, high blood pressure). Standard PMI policies do not cover the long-term management of chronic conditions.
Can I get private health insurance if I have a pre-existing condition?
Yes, you can still get private health insurance. How your pre-existing conditions are handled depends on the underwriting method. With 'Moratorium' underwriting, any condition you've had in the last 5 years is excluded for an initial period (usually 2 years). With 'Full Medical Underwriting', you declare your conditions upfront, and the insurer will tell you precisely what is excluded from the start. A broker can help you find the best option for your circumstances.
Do I always need a GP referral for a PMI claim?
Generally, yes. The standard process for almost all UK private health insurance providers is to get a referral from your GP before they will pre-authorise treatment with a specialist. Some modern policies offer direct access to certain services like physiotherapy or mental health support without a GP referral, but this is an exception. You should always check your policy terms and call your insurer to confirm the correct procedure.
How long do I have to make a complaint to the Financial Ombudsman?
You must refer your complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) within six months of the date on your insurer's 'final response' letter. If you do not receive a final response within eight weeks of making your formal complaint, you can also take your case to the FOS at that point.
Ready to find a private medical insurance policy that truly protects you and comes with expert support? The team at WeCovr is here to help. We compare leading UK providers to find the right cover for your needs and budget, all at no cost to you.
Get your free, no-obligation PMI quote today and gain complete peace of mind.