UK Private Health Insurance Claims Your Step By Step Guide

UK Private Health Insurance Claims: Your Step-by-Step Guide

In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) provides comprehensive healthcare to all residents, free at the point of use. However, for many, private health insurance offers a compelling alternative or supplement, promising quicker access to consultations, choice of consultants, shorter waiting lists for elective procedures, and a more comfortable hospital experience. But once you have a policy, how do you actually use it when you need care? The claims process can sometimes feel daunting, a labyrinth of paperwork and phone calls.

This exhaustive guide is designed to demystify the private health insurance claims journey in the UK. Whether you're considering a policy, have just purchased one, or are about to make your first claim, understanding each step is crucial for a smooth and stress-free experience. We'll walk you through everything from the initial GP visit to the final settlement, equipping you with the knowledge to confidently navigate the system and make the most of your private medical cover.

Understanding Your Private Health Insurance Policy Before You Claim

Before you even think about making a claim, a thorough understanding of your specific policy is paramount. Each policy is unique, with varying levels of cover, excesses, exclusions, and network restrictions. Familiarising yourself with these details before you need treatment can save you significant time, money, and frustration.

Key Policy Documents and What to Look For:

• Policy Schedule: This document outlines your personal details, the type of policy you have, your chosen level of cover, the annual limits, your excess, and any specific endorsements or exclusions that apply to you.
• Policy Wording/Terms and Conditions: This is the detailed rulebook. It explains exactly what is covered, what isn't, how claims are processed, and your responsibilities as the policyholder.
• Table of Benefits: Often a concise summary, this lists the various benefits included in your plan (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, mental health, cancer care) and their respective limits.

Crucial Elements to Understand in Your Policy:

1. Excess: This is the initial amount you agree to pay towards the cost of your treatment before your insurer starts paying. For example, if you have a £250 excess and your treatment costs £1,000, you pay £250, and your insurer pays the remaining £750. Excesses can be per claim, per year, or per condition. Understand which applies to you.
2. Annual Limits (illustrative): Most policies have overall annual limits for certain benefits (e.g., £1,000 for outpatient consultations, £5,000 for mental health). Exceeding these limits means you'll be responsible for the difference.
3. Policy Exclusions: These are conditions, treatments, or circumstances that your policy will not cover. Common exclusions include:
   • Pre-existing Medical Conditions: Any illness, injury, or symptom you had or were aware of before taking out the policy is typically excluded. This is a fundamental principle of private health insurance. Insurers don't cover conditions you already have.
   • Chronic Conditions: These are long-term, incurable conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma, arthritis, heart conditions). While your policy might cover the initial diagnosis and acute flare-ups, ongoing management and long-term care for chronic conditions are generally not covered. The NHS remains the primary provider for chronic disease management.
   • Emergency Services: Your policy is not a substitute for A&E or emergency care. In a medical emergency, you should always go to the nearest NHS A&E department.
   • Normal Pregnancy & Childbirth: While some policies offer maternity cash benefits, routine pregnancy and childbirth are generally not covered.
   • Cosmetic Surgery: Procedures primarily for aesthetic improvement are excluded.
   • Organ Transplants: Generally excluded, although some policies may offer limited cover for certain aspects.
   • Overseas Treatment: Most UK policies only cover treatment received within the UK.
   • Experimental Treatments: Unproven or experimental therapies are usually not covered.
   • Drug Addiction/Alcohol Abuse: Treatment for these conditions is often excluded, though some policies offer limited cover for mental health support.
4. Referral Requirements (Open vs. GP Referral):
   • GP Referral (Most Common): The vast majority of policies require you to see a UK-registered GP first, who then refers you to a private consultant. This ensures that the treatment is medically necessary and appropriate.
   • Open Referral: Some limited policies or benefits might allow you to seek a consultant without a specific GP referral, but this is rare for full medical treatment.
5. Consultant and Hospital Networks: Many insurers have preferred networks of hospitals and consultants. Using an 'in-network' provider can lead to direct settlement and better coverage. Going 'out-of-network' might mean you pay upfront and claim back, or even that the costs aren't fully covered.
6. Benefit Structure (Inpatient vs. Outpatient):
   • Inpatient/Day-patient: Treatment requiring an overnight stay or admission to a hospital bed for a planned procedure. This is usually the core of most policies and is typically fully covered (subject to limits and excess).
   • Outpatient: Consultations, diagnostic tests (MRI, CT scans, blood tests), and therapies (physiotherapy, chiropractic) that don't require an overnight stay. Outpatient cover is often limited by annual monetary caps or a set number of sessions.

Understanding these elements from the outset will empower you to make informed decisions and avoid unexpected costs when it's time to claim.

Get a quote through WeCovr, and a specialist from WeCovr or one of its broker partners will help you compare policies from a range of UK insurers.

The Golden Rule: Always Pre-Authorise (or Notify) Your Insurer

This cannot be stressed enough: always contact your insurer before undergoing any significant private medical treatment or consultation. This step is known as pre-authorisation or pre-notification. Failing to do so is the most common reason for claims being rejected or partially paid.

Why Pre-Authorisation is Essential:

• Confirms Coverage: It allows your insurer to confirm that the proposed treatment may be covered by your policy, given your specific medical history (especially regarding pre-existing conditions) and policy terms.
• Verifies Medical Necessity: The insurer's medical team will assess if the proposed treatment is medically appropriate for your condition.
• Cost Control: Insurers negotiate rates with hospitals and consultants. Pre-authorisation allows them to ensure the costs are within reasonable and customary limits.
• Direct Settlement: Once pre-authorised, your insurer can often settle the bills directly with the hospital and consultant, removing the administrative burden from you.
• Avoids Exclusions: It ensures the treatment isn't related to a pre-existing condition or a general policy exclusion.

What Information You'll Need for Pre-Authorisation:

When you contact your insurer, have the following details ready:

• Your policy number.
• Your full name and date of birth.
• The GP's referral letter (if applicable), stating your symptoms and the reason for referral.
• The proposed consultant's name and specialism.
• The proposed hospital (if known).
• The proposed diagnosis (if known) and the recommended treatment plan.
• Any estimated costs from the consultant or hospital (if you have them).

How to Pre-Authorise:

Most insurers offer multiple convenient ways to pre-authorise:

• Phone: The quickest way to speak directly with a claims advisor. They can guide you through the process and often give immediate approval or a reference number.
• Online Portal/App: Many insurers now have user-friendly online systems or mobile apps where you can submit details and track your authorisation request.
• Email/Mail: Less common for initial requests due to slower processing times, but an option for sending supporting documents.

What Happens After Pre-Authorisation:

If approved, your insurer will provide you with an authorisation code (sometimes called a claim number or reference number). This code is vital. You'll need to provide it to your consultant and the hospital, as it's their assurance that your insurer may cover the costs. The authorisation may be for a specific number of consultations, diagnostic tests, or a particular procedure. If your treatment plan changes, or if further appointments are needed beyond the initial authorisation, you must contact your insurer again for further approval.

Table 1: Pre-Authorisation vs. Reimbursement

Step 1: The Initial GP Consultation and Referral

For most private medical treatments covered by your insurance, the journey begins with your GP.

Why a GP Referral is Usually Needed:

• Medical Necessity: GPs act as gatekeepers, ensuring that private treatment is medically appropriate and that you're seeing the correct specialist. This prevents unnecessary procedures and ensures you receive the right care.
• Policy Requirement: Nearly all UK private health insurance policies stipulate that a referral from a UK-registered GP is required.
• Diagnosis and Direction: Your GP will assess your symptoms, perhaps conduct initial tests, and then refer you to the most appropriate private consultant based on their clinical judgment.

NHS GP vs. Private GP:

You can obtain a referral from either an NHS GP or a private GP.

• NHS GP: This is the most common route. Simply book an appointment with your usual NHS GP, explain your symptoms, and express your interest in being referred privately. They will write a referral letter addressed to a private consultant.
• Private GP: Some private health insurance policies include access to private GP services (e.g., through an app or virtual consultation). If yours does, this can offer quicker access to a referral. Be aware that private GP consultations themselves may or may not be covered by your policy, or might be subject to an outpatient limit. Check your policy.

The Referral Letter: What it Should Contain:

The GP referral letter is crucial. It should clearly state:

• Your name, date of birth, and contact details.
• A brief summary of your symptoms and medical history relevant to your condition.
• The provisional diagnosis (if one has been made).
• The reason for referral (e.g., "for specialist opinion regarding persistent back pain").
• The type of specialist required (e.g., "Orthopaedic Surgeon," "Dermatologist").
• Crucially, it must state that it's a private referral.

It's advisable to obtain a copy of this letter for your records.

Step 2: Choosing Your Consultant and Hospital

Once you have your GP referral, the next step is to choose where and by whom you'll receive your private treatment.

In-Network vs. Out-of-Network:

Many insurers have preferred provider networks.

• In-Network: These are consultants and hospitals with whom your insurer has pre-agreed rates and direct billing agreements. Using an in-network provider generally means a smoother claims process and direct settlement. Your insurer may provide a list of approved consultants and hospitals.
• Out-of-Network: While you might have the option to choose providers outside the network, be aware that your insurer may not cover the full cost, leaving you with a shortfall. Always check with your insurer first if you intend to use an out-of-network provider.

Consultant Fees and How They're Covered:

Consultant fees vary significantly. Your insurer will have a "fee-schedule" or "reasonable and customary" limits for various procedures and consultations.

• Checking Fees: It is your responsibility to ensure your chosen consultant's fees are within your insurer's approved limits. When you call for pre-authorisation, ask your insurer if the consultant you're considering is within their fee guidelines for the proposed treatment.
• Shortfalls: If a consultant charges more than your insurer's approved rate, you will be liable for the difference – known as a "shortfall" or "balance bill." Some consultants are "fee-assured," meaning they agree not to charge above the insurer's limits. Always ask your consultant if they are fee-assured by your specific insurer.
• Fixed Price Pathways: For common procedures, some hospitals and consultants offer "fixed price" pathways, which can simplify cost management, as the entire cost for a specific treatment is bundled. Your insurer will need to approve this.

Arranging Your First Appointment:

Once you have your referral letter and have identified a preferred consultant/hospital (and ideally, checked with your insurer regarding fee assurance), you can book your first private consultation. The hospital or consultant's secretary will typically ask for your insurance policy number and the authorisation code (if you already have one for the initial consultation).

Get a quote through WeCovr, and a specialist from WeCovr or one of its broker partners will help you compare policies from a range of UK insurers.

Step 3: Receiving Treatment and Managing Costs

With your authorisation in place and appointments booked, you can now proceed with your private medical care.

Outpatient Consultations and Diagnostics:

• Initial Consultations: Your first appointment with the specialist will be a consultation. They will discuss your symptoms, review your medical history, and may conduct an examination.
• Diagnostic Tests: The consultant may then recommend further diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, or ultrasounds.
• Authorisation for Diagnostics: You must obtain separate pre-authorisation from your insurer for any recommended scans or tests, even if you already have an authorisation for the consultation. This is a common point of confusion. The consultant or their secretary can provide the necessary codes or details to your insurer.
• Excess Payment (illustrative): For outpatient consultations or diagnostic tests, your policy excess may apply. If your excess is £250 and your first consultation is £200, you will pay the full £200. If a scan costs £400, and you've already paid £200, you'll pay another £50, and the insurer may cover the remaining £350. The excess is usually a one-off payment per policy year or per condition, depending on your policy.

Inpatient/Day-Patient Procedures:

If your consultant recommends a procedure that requires an overnight stay or admission to a hospital bed (inpatient) or a procedure performed in a hospital without an overnight stay (day-patient), this will require the most stringent pre-authorisation.

• Comprehensive Authorisation: Your consultant's secretary will usually liaise with your insurer directly, providing details of the proposed procedure, the hospital, and estimated costs. They will secure a comprehensive authorisation code for the entire package of care (consultant fees, anaesthetist fees, hospital charges, pathology, etc.).
• Hospital Admission: When you arrive for your procedure, the hospital admissions team will ask for your authorisation code. This confirms to them that your insurer may pay directly.
• Excess Payment at Hospital: If your excess hasn't been met yet, the hospital may ask you to pay it directly to them upon admission or discharge.

Direct Settlement vs. Pay-and-Reclaim:

• Direct Settlement (Most Common for Major Treatments): For pre-authorised inpatient procedures and significant outpatient diagnostics, your insurer will typically settle the bills directly with the hospital, consultant, and other providers (e.g., anaesthetist, pathologist). This means you won't see these bills, other than a potential request to pay your excess. This is the ideal scenario.
• Pay-and-Reclaim (Common for Minor Outpatient Costs): For some outpatient costs, especially initial private GP visits (if covered) or certain therapy sessions, you might pay the provider upfront and then submit the invoices to your insurer for reimbursement. Ensure you get detailed, itemised invoices and receipts.

Table 2: Common Claim Scenarios & Payment Flows

Step 4: Submitting Your Claim (Reimbursement Cases)

While direct settlement handles most major costs, there will be instances where you need to submit a claim for reimbursement.

When You Might Need to Submit a Claim Yourself:

• Initial private GP consultations (if covered by your policy).
• Minor outpatient diagnostic tests or blood tests not part of a larger authorised pathway.
• Prescription medications obtained privately (check if covered).
• Therapy sessions (e.g., physiotherapy, osteopathy, mental health therapy) where the provider doesn't bill the insurer directly.
• Any costs you paid upfront because direct settlement wasn't possible or was awaiting authorisation.

Required Documentation:

To ensure a smooth reimbursement claim, always gather the following:

1. Completed Claim Form: Most insurers provide these on their website or app. Fill it out accurately and completely.
2. Original Itemised Invoices/Receipts: These are crucial. They must show:
   • Your name.
   • Date of service.
   • Description of service (e.g., "Consultation with Dr. [Name]," "MRI Lumbar Spine").
   • Cost of service.
   • Provider's name and address.
   • Proof of payment (if you've already paid).
3. GP Referral Letter (Copy): If this is the first claim for a particular condition, a copy of the initial GP referral is often required.
4. Authorisation Code (if applicable): If the service was pre-authorised but you paid upfront, include the authorisation code.

Claim Submission Methods:

• Online Portal/App: The most efficient method for reimbursement. Upload scanned copies or photos of your documents.
• Email: Send documents as attachments.
• Post: Send physical copies to your insurer's claims department. Always keep copies for your records.

Timelines for Submission:

Most insurers have a time limit for submitting claims, typically 3 to 6 months from the date of treatment. Submitting claims outside this window may result in rejection. Do not delay.

What Happens After Your Claim is Submitted (Direct Settlement & Reimbursement)

Once your insurer receives the necessary information, their claims team will begin processing.

Insurer Assessment Process:

1. Review of Documentation: They'll check that all required documents are present and correctly filled out.
2. Policy Check: They'll verify that the treatment may be covered by your policy, within your limits, and not subject to any exclusions (especially pre-existing or chronic conditions).
3. Medical Review: For complex or higher-cost claims, a medical advisor may review the case to confirm medical necessity and appropriateness of treatment.
4. Cost Verification: They will ensure the charges are reasonable and customary for the specific treatment.

Potential Queries from the Insurer:

It's common for insurers to have questions. They might:

• Request further medical notes from your GP or consultant.
• Ask for more detailed invoices.
• Seek clarification on the diagnosis or treatment plan.
• Clarify if symptoms existed prior to policy inception.

Respond promptly and comprehensively to avoid delays.

Settlement Notification:

• Direct Settlement: You will usually receive a "Statement of Benefits" or "Settlement Letter" confirming that the bills have been paid directly to the providers. It will also detail any excess amount you still owe (if not already paid).
• Reimbursement: You'll receive a notification stating the approved amount that will be paid into your nominated bank account. This typically happens within a few working days or weeks of approval.

Excess Payment Reminder:

If you haven't paid your policy excess yet, the insurer will remind you. For direct settlement, they might notify you that the hospital or consultant will contact you directly to collect it. For reimbursement claims, the excess will be deducted from the amount they pay you.

Table 3: Claims Process Flow (Simplified)

Common Reasons for Claim Rejection (And How to Avoid Them)

While private health insurance offers excellent benefits, claims can be rejected for various reasons. Understanding these is key to avoiding disappointment.

1. Lack of Pre-Authorisation:

• Reason for Rejection: You proceeded with treatment without obtaining prior approval from your insurer.
• How to Avoid: Always, always pre-authorise. Make it your golden rule. If in doubt, call your insurer.

2. Pre-existing Conditions:

• Reason for Rejection: The illness or injury relates to a condition you had, or had symptoms of, before your policy started. This is the most frequent cause of rejection.
• How to Avoid: Be completely honest and transparent about your medical history when applying for the policy. Understand your underwriting terms (full medical underwriting, moratorium, or continued personal medical exclusions). No private health insurance policy in the UK covers pre-existing conditions.

3. Chronic Conditions:

• Reason for Rejection: Your policy does not cover the long-term management or ongoing treatment of chronic, incurable conditions.
• How to Avoid: Understand the distinction. Your policy might cover the initial diagnosis and acute flare-ups of a chronic condition, but not its long-term management. For instance, an asthma attack might be covered, but routine inhaler prescriptions and long-term check-ups for stable asthma would not. The NHS is for chronic care.

4. Policy Exclusions:

• Reason for Rejection: The treatment falls under a general exclusion listed in your policy wording (e.g., cosmetic surgery, fertility treatment, normal pregnancy, A&E visits, self-inflicted injuries, specific named exclusions on your schedule).
• How to Avoid: Read your policy documents thoroughly. If you're unsure if a treatment is excluded, ask your insurer before seeking treatment.

5. Exceeding Benefit Limits:

• Reason for Rejection: You've reached the maximum monetary limit for a specific benefit (e.g., outpatient consultations, mental health sessions) or your overall annual limit.
• How to Avoid: Be aware of your policy's benefit limits. Your insurer will usually keep you updated on how much of your limit you've used for a condition or benefit during the authorisation process.

6. Incorrect or Incomplete Information:

• Reason for Rejection: The claim form is missing vital information, invoices are not itemised, or the details don't match the authorisation.
• How to Avoid: Fill out forms accurately. Ensure all invoices are detailed and include all necessary information (your name, date, service description, cost).

7. Treatment Not Medically Necessary or Appropriate:

• Reason for Rejection: The insurer's medical team determines that the proposed treatment is not clinically necessary or is not the most appropriate course of action for your condition.
• How to Avoid: Ensure your GP referral is clear, and the consultant provides a robust justification for the treatment to your insurer during the pre-authorisation process.

Table 4: Common Exclusions at a Glance

Navigating Complex Claims and Appeals

Occasionally, despite your best efforts, a claim might be partially paid or rejected. It's important to know your rights and the steps you can take.

1. Understand the Reason for Rejection:

The first step is to fully understand why your claim was rejected or paid short. Your insurer is obliged to provide a clear explanation. If anything is unclear, ask them to elaborate.

2. Gather Additional Information:

If you believe the rejection is incorrect, gather any supporting documentation. This might include:

• Further medical notes from your GP or consultant.
• More detailed invoices.
• A letter from your consultant clarifying the medical necessity or diagnosis.

3. Internal Complaints Procedure:

Every insurer has a formal complaints procedure.

• Initial Complaint: Contact the claims department first, state your case, and provide any new information.
• Formal Complaint: If you're still dissatisfied, escalate your complaint to the insurer's formal complaints team. This should be in writing. The insurer will investigate and provide a "final response" within a specified timeframe (typically 8 weeks).

4. Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS):

If you remain unhappy after receiving the insurer's final response, you can refer your complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS).

• Independent Review: The FOS is an independent, impartial service that helps resolve disputes between consumers and financial firms.
• How to Refer: You must refer your complaint to the FOS within six months of receiving the insurer's final response.
• Decision: The FOS will review your case, consider both sides, and make a decision. Their decision is binding on the insurer if you accept it.

The appeals process can be lengthy, but if you have a valid case, pursuing it is worthwhile.

The Role of Your Health Insurance Broker (WeCovr)

Navigating the complexities of private health insurance, from choosing a suitable cover to making a claim, can be challenging. This is where an expert WeCovr specialist or one of our broker partners becomes invaluable.

At WeCovr, our mission is to simplify health insurance for you. A WeCovr specialist or trusted broker partner can act as your advocate, working on your behalf at no direct cost to you. How do we help with claims?

• Pre-Claim Guidance: Even before you make a claim, we help you understand your policy's nuances, benefit limits, and exclusions. We can clarify whether a certain treatment is likely to be covered.
• Navigating Pre-authorisation: We can guide you through the pre-authorisation process, helping you gather the necessary information and ensuring you ask your insurer the right questions.
• Claims Support and Liaison: If you encounter difficulties during the claims process, or if a claim is rejected, we can step in to liaise with your insurer on your behalf. Our expertise allows us to challenge rejections where appropriate, providing the necessary arguments and information to your insurer. We understand the language of policies and can help articulate your case effectively.
• Regulated Guidance: We have an in-depth understanding of the different insurers and their claims processes, allowing us to offer tailored advice and anticipate potential hurdles.

Using a WeCovr specialist or one of our broker partners means you have a dedicated expert in your corner, ensuring you make the most of your policy and experience a smoother claims journey. WeCovr, sometimes working with broker partners, works with major UK health insurers, so our advice is always regulated and focused on your interests.

Get a quote through WeCovr, and a specialist from WeCovr or one of its broker partners will help you compare policies from a range of UK insurers.

Maintaining Your Policy: Renewals and Changes

A private health insurance policy isn't a one-off transaction; it's an ongoing relationship.

Annual Reviews and Renewals:

• Renewal Invitation: Before your policy's renewal date, your insurer will send you a renewal invitation, outlining your new premium for the coming year. Premiums typically increase due to age, medical inflation, and any claims made.
• Review Your Needs: This is an excellent time to review your policy and ensure it still meets your needs. Have your circumstances changed? Do you need more or less cover?
• Broker Review (WeCovr): This is where WeCovr can again be immensely helpful. We can review your renewal premium, explore if there are more cost-effective options from your current insurer or other providers, and ensure you're still getting good value for money. Remember, switching insurers generally means new underwriting, so any new conditions that have developed since your original policy started may be excluded by a new insurer. This needs careful consideration.

Changes in Health Status:

• During Policy Term: If you develop a new medical condition during your policy term, it will typically be covered (subject to policy terms and exclusions for chronic conditions). This new condition does not become a pre-existing condition for your current policy.
• Switching Insurers: If you switch insurers, any conditions you developed under your previous policy will be considered pre-existing by the new insurer unless you choose a 'Continued Personal Medical Exclusions' (CPME) underwriting type, which allows continuity of cover for conditions that were covered by your previous policy. This is a complex area where broker advice is essential.

Policy Upgrades and Downgrades:

You can often upgrade or downgrade your policy at renewal.

• Upgrades: Adding more benefits (e.g., mental health, optical/dental) or reducing your excess. New benefits may be subject to a waiting period.
• Downgrades: Removing benefits or increasing your excess to reduce your premium.

Key Takeaways for a Smooth Claims Experience

To summarise, a seamless private health insurance claims experience hinges on these critical points:

1. Know Your Policy Inside Out: Understand your benefits, limits, and crucially, your exclusions (especially pre-existing and chronic conditions).
2. Always Pre-Authorise: This is the most vital step for major treatments. Call your insurer before any significant consultation, scan, or procedure.
3. Get a GP Referral: Most policies require a clear, written referral from a UK-registered GP for specialist consultations.
4. Keep Meticulous Records: Retain copies of your referral letters, authorisation codes, invoices, and any correspondence with your insurer.
5. Be Transparent: Provide accurate and complete information to your insurer and medical professionals.
6. Act Promptly: Submit reimbursement claims within the specified timeframes.
7. Don't Be Afraid to Ask: If you're unsure about any step, call your insurer or, even better, consult your trusted WeCovr specialist or one of our broker partners

Conclusion

Private health insurance in the UK offers invaluable peace of mind and access to high-quality medical care without the waiting lists often associated with the NHS. While the claims process might seem intricate at first glance, it is designed to ensure you receive appropriate and covered treatment.

By understanding your policy, diligently following the pre-authorisation steps, and maintaining clear communication with your insurer and medical providers, you can navigate the claims journey with confidence. Remember, for expert, regulated advice and support at every stage – from policy selection to claims assistance – A WeCovr specialist or trusted broker partner can help you make the most of your private health insurance, with no separate broker fee. Take control of your healthcare and enjoy the benefits of your private medical cover.

Sources

• NHS England: Waiting times and referral-to-treatment statistics.
• Office for National Statistics (ONS): Health, mortality, and workforce data.
• NICE: Clinical guidance and technology appraisals.
• Care Quality Commission (CQC): Provider quality and inspection reports.
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA): Public health surveillance reports.
• Association of British Insurers (ABI): Health and protection market publications.